分析結(jié)構(gòu) 上下結(jié)合 判斷時(shí)態(tài)
高考英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的判斷年年都考，許多同學(xué)總是判斷不準(zhǔn)確，每次都出錯(cuò)。英語(yǔ)句子表達(dá)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間或狀態(tài)非常詳細(xì)，在這一點(diǎn)上，漢語(yǔ)句子就相形見絀。這一點(diǎn)也是我們中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)覺得困難的原因。其實(shí)，在做時(shí)態(tài)判斷時(shí)，只要依據(jù)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)定義，根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，把握上下文，結(jié)合句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的提示，仔細(xì)分析比照，就能準(zhǔn)確判斷出該句的時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)常考而且經(jīng)常用的時(shí)態(tài)有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等�，F(xiàn)將這幾種時(shí)態(tài)的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)和判斷方法加以區(qū)別和總結(jié)。
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱、不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)意義的其它名詞性短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單三形式（即實(shí)意動(dòng)詞加s或es，系動(dòng)詞be用is）；主語(yǔ)是其它形式時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。否定形式：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞do或does的否定形式，即don`t / doesn`t；系動(dòng)詞則直接在其后加否定副詞not。
⒈ 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、存在的狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：sometimes, at times, always, usually, often, seldom, every +時(shí)間名詞, in the morning, on Monday等。如：
He often gets up late in the morning.
⒉ 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。如：
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.
⒊ 表示按計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻表將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：
The plane leaves at 8:00 in the morning. But it often delays because of sandstorms.
此類句子常用be, leave, come, arrive, start, begin, go, reach, return, meet, end, stay等動(dòng)詞。
⒋ 用在含有時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中：主句和從句都表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí)，主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）表示將來(lái)。如：
I will tell him if I see him.
⒌ 在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是客觀真理時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
He knew from an early age that apples fall down to the earth, but he did not know why.
二、 一般過去式
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)為：1. 實(shí)意動(dòng)詞用其過去式。2. 系動(dòng)詞be，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱或單數(shù)第一人稱以及不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用was，其它主語(yǔ)用were。3. 當(dāng)表示“過去經(jīng)常”時(shí)，用“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”或“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。否定形式：1. 實(shí)意動(dòng)詞在其前加助動(dòng)詞did not。2. 系動(dòng)詞在其后加not。3. would 后加not；used to的否定形式有兩種：did not use to或used not to。
1. 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, just now, 一段時(shí)間加 ago, last加時(shí)間名詞, in 1990, this morning, when以及其它連接詞引導(dǎo)的（表示過去動(dòng)作的）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（或從句）。如：
It rained heavily yesterday.
The story happened in the autumn in 2000.
2. 表示過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，可與often, usually, seldom等頻度副詞連用，或用used to+動(dòng)詞原形或 would+動(dòng)詞原形。如：
Mr. Li often went to the cinema.
He used to smoke a lot, but now he does not.
3. 在含有時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，主從句都表示過去將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句常用一般過去時(shí)表示將來(lái)。如：
They said that they would not leave until she came back.
4. 用在一些含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的固定句型中。
（1）It is (high) time (that) sb did sth.如：
It is high time you went to school (or you should go to school).
（2）wish 后接賓語(yǔ)從句中，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were或過去式（與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/ could/ might+動(dòng)詞原形”）。如：
I wish that I were a bird.
She wishes that she had a brother.
（3）If only sb did sth.如：
If only I had a better memory.
（4）含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（可）用一般過去式，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would / could / should / might +動(dòng)詞原形”。 如：
If I were you, I would say sorry to her at once.
If he had time, he should attend your party.
三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞am / is / are +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。否定形式：在助動(dòng)詞后加not。
1. 表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now，或有上文提示，如“Look!” “Listen!”等。如：
Look! Some old men are chatting under the tree.
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（盡管此時(shí)此刻該動(dòng)作并未進(jìn)行）。如：
How are you getting on with your work these days?
3. 一些表示移動(dòng)性動(dòng)詞如go, come, leave, arrive, return, start, fly, have, stay等可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，表示按計(jì)劃或安排最近要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
He is flying to Shanghai tomorrow.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, all the time, forever等連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，表達(dá)說(shuō)話者不滿、討厭、遺憾或驚訝等情緒。如：
He is thinking of himself all the time.
The girl is always smiling happily.
四、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。否定形式：在助動(dòng)詞后加not。
1. 表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這一特定的過去時(shí)間由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this time yesterday / last night / all day yesterday等提示。如：
What was she doing this time last week?
這一過去的時(shí)間也可由上下文提示。如：
—Ouch! You hurt me!
—Sorry! I did not mean it. I was catching the cat.
2. 含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中提示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。在復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，另一動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)；如果兩個(gè)延續(xù)性動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而不考慮動(dòng)作的先后長(zhǎng)短，那么主從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
I was walking in the street when an accident happened.
He was watching TV in the sitting-room while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.
3. 表示過去反復(fù)或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，常與always, constantly, forever等副詞連用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話者不滿、厭煩、驚訝等情緒。
如：
She was always complaining about something. 五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have / has +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。否定形式：在助動(dòng)詞后加not。
1. 表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如buy, borrow, come, leave, give, go, start, lend, see, tell, read, visit, say, ask, finish, arrive, get等，句中常用副詞already, ever, once, just, never, yet, twice等。如：
He has already bought a lot of fresh vegetables for the Spring Festival.
They have not arrived in Shanghai yet.
因?yàn)榇祟悇?dòng)詞不延續(xù)，所以肯定句中不能用for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：要表達(dá)“我借錢給你已經(jīng)兩年了”，可轉(zhuǎn)換為：“You have kept my money for two years.”否定句不受限制，如：I have not seen you for ages / since we met last time.
2. 表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如be, stay, work, study, live, stand, sit, lie, exist, keep, have等，常用表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：for a long time, since last year, in the last ten years, during the past thirty years等，以及表示到目前為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：so far, till now, up to now, by now等。如：
There have been great changes in China since 1980.
Up to now，the program have saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.（NMET 2010 山東）
3. have / has been表示“曾到過”，說(shuō)明以往的經(jīng)歷，常與副詞once, twice, ever等連用。而have / has gone則表示“已去了”，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。如：
They have been to China twice.
They have gone to Shanghai. They are not here now.
4. 用于句型It is the first / second /…time (that) sb have done sth.如：
It is the first time I have climbed Mount Tai.
六、過去完成時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞had+ 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。否定式：在had后加not。
1. 表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。這一過去的時(shí)間常由by then, before+過去的時(shí)間名詞或由when, before, after, until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表現(xiàn)。如：
They had finished the project by the end of last month.
When I got there, the plane had taken off.
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. （NMET2010北京）
2. 表示由過去某一時(shí)間開始，延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：
The Whites had stayed in China for three years by then.
3. 用在表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句中，結(jié)構(gòu)為：If … had done…, …should / would / could / might have done…如：
If he had followed my advice, he would not have lost his job. (NMET2010湖南)
4. 用在句型It was the first / second / …last time that …h(huán)ad done…中。如：
It was the last time they had met.
七、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：1. will / shall+ 動(dòng)詞原形；2. am / is / are going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形；3. am / is / are+ about to +動(dòng)詞原形；4. be to do.
1. “will+ 動(dòng)詞原形”常表示單純的將來(lái)，用表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如tomorrow, next+ 時(shí)間名詞等。主語(yǔ)為第一人稱的陳述句常表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的決心或意愿，疑問句中用shall表示詢問或征求意見。而shall用于主語(yǔ)為第二、三人稱的陳述句表示允諾或威脅。如：
They will come to China next month.
Shall I leave now?
You shall have the job.
He shall go to prison.
2. “be going to”：人用作主語(yǔ)表示打算做某事；物用作主語(yǔ)表示有跡象將要發(fā)生什么。如：
We are going to have a meeting and discuss it.
Look. It is going to rain.
3. “be about to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”：表示即將發(fā)生什么事，不跟將來(lái)的具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：
The train is about to leave. Hurry up.
4. be to do:（某人）按計(jì)劃、安排要做某事，或注定要發(fā)生某事。如：
We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
5. 含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)態(tài)搭配看“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”；移動(dòng)性動(dòng)詞的一般將來(lái)時(shí)看“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”。
八、過去將來(lái)時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：1. should / would+ 動(dòng)詞原形；2. was / were going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形；3. was / were about to+ 動(dòng)詞原形；4. was / were to+ 動(dòng)詞原形
1. should / would+ 動(dòng)詞原形：表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生某事。主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí)用should或would，其余都用would。常用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：
He said he would go to Beijing the next week.
2. was / were going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形：打算做某事，或有跡象要發(fā)生。如：
When he got there, he found that the bridge was going to fall.
3. was / were about to do：即將發(fā)生，常構(gòu)成句型：…was / were about to do…when…did…如：
Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(NMET全國(guó)Ⅱ)
4. was / were to do：按計(jì)劃發(fā)生，或注定要發(fā)生。如：
The headmaster said they were to start at 7 in the morning.
九、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：have / has been+ 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。句中常用for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：
They have been playing football in the rain for an hour.
I have been waiting for you the whole morning.
在做時(shí)態(tài)判斷題時(shí)，既要注意句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，又要從全句或上下文考慮，還要結(jié)合所給的答案選項(xiàng)分析，“審時(shí)度勢(shì)，穩(wěn)定全局”，才能得出恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢�。多做多練，就�?huì)達(dá)到熟能生巧，得心應(yīng)手，快速準(zhǔn)確地做出答案。
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